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        <h1 id="Cloud-Enabling-Technology云使能技术"   >
          <a href="#Cloud-Enabling-Technology云使能技术" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Cloud-Enabling-Technology云使能技术" class="headerlink" title="Cloud-Enabling Technology云使能技术"></a>Cloud-Enabling Technology云使能技术</h1>
      <span id="more"></span>


        <h2 id="Broadband-Networks-and-Internet-Architecture-宽带和Internet架构"   >
          <a href="#Broadband-Networks-and-Internet-Architecture-宽带和Internet架构" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Broadband-Networks-and-Internet-Architecture-宽带和Internet架构" class="headerlink" title="Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture 宽带和Internet架构"></a>Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture 宽带和Internet架构</h2>
      <p>-All clouds must be connected to a network（Internet or LAN）   </p>
<ul>
<li>The potential of cloud platforms therefore generally grows in parallel with advancements in Internet connectivity and service quality.   </li>
</ul>
<p><em><p style="color:red;font-size:20px;">云平台的潜力通常是与Internet的互联互通和服务质量同步提升的。</p></em></p>

        <h3 id="Internet-Service-Providers-ISPs-Internet服务提供者"   >
          <a href="#Internet-Service-Providers-ISPs-Internet服务提供者" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Internet-Service-Providers-ISPs-Internet服务提供者" class="headerlink" title="Internet Service Providers (ISPs)         Internet服务提供者"></a>Internet Service Providers (ISPs)         Internet服务提供者</h3>
      <p>-the Internet’s largest backbone（主干） networks </p>
<ul>
<li>Established and deployed by ISPs    </li>
<li>interconnected by core routers    </li>
<li>routers connect world’s multinational （跨国的）networks.    </li>
</ul>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/6237ecb627f86abb2ae44aba.jpg">
</center>

<p>-<font style="color:red;">Decentralized</font> provisioning and management model   </p>
<ul>
<li>ISPs freely deploy, operate, manage their networks </li>
<li>No centralized entity governs the Internet</li>
<li>ICANN-互联网名称与数字地址分配机构</li>
<li><font  style="color:red;">Governmental</font> and regulatory laws dictate the service provisioning conditions for organizations and ISPs both within and outside of national borders.   </li>
</ul>
<p>-The Internet’s <code>topology</code>  拓扑</p>
<ul>
<li>The Internet’s topology has become a dynamic and complex aggregate（集合） of ISPs ，<code>highly interconnected</code> via its core protocols</li>
<li>Three hierarchical topology</li>
</ul>
<p>-Three hierarchical topology（图5.2）<br>The core Tier 1</p>
<blockquote>
<p>large-scale, international cloud providers<br>oversee interconnected global networks<br>connected to Tier 2’s large regional providers    </p>
</blockquote>
<p> ISPs of Tier 2</p>
<blockquote>
<p>connect with Tier 1 providers<br>connect with local ISPs of Tier 3<br>Tier 3 local ISPs   </p>
</blockquote>
<p>-Cloud consumers and cloud providers can connect directly using a Tier 1 provider</p>
<p>-IT resources among paths</p>
<blockquote>
<p>communication links of internet and ISP networks<br> routers of internet and ISP networks   </p>
</blockquote>
<p>-Two fundamental components used to construct the internetworking architecture </p>
<blockquote>
<p>connectionless packet switching (datagram networks) 无连接分组交换<br>router-based interconnectivity基于路由器互联   </p>
</blockquote>

        <h3 id="Connectionless-Packet-Switching-Datagram-Networks"   >
          <a href="#Connectionless-Packet-Switching-Datagram-Networks" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Connectionless-Packet-Switching-Datagram-Networks" class="headerlink" title="Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)"></a>Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)</h3>
      <p>End-to-end <code>(sender-receiver pair) 端到端</code></p>
<blockquote>
<p>1.data flows are divided into packets of a limited size<br>2.received and processed through network switches and routers<br>3.queued and forwarded from one intermediary node to the next<br>4.Each packet carries the necessary location information,<br>5.processed and routed at every source, intermediary, and destination node.   </p>
</blockquote>

        <h3 id="Router-Based-Interconnectivity"   >
          <a href="#Router-Based-Interconnectivity" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Router-Based-Interconnectivity" class="headerlink" title="Router-Based Interconnectivity"></a>Router-Based Interconnectivity</h3>
      <p>-Router</p>
<blockquote>
<p>1.A router is a device that is connected to multiple networks through which it forwards packet<br>2.routers process and forward each packet individually<br>3.maintaining the network topology information<br>4.manage network traffic and gauge估计 the most efficient<br>5. hop（弹跳） for packet delivery   </p>
</blockquote>
<p>-Communication path that connects cloud consumer with cloud provider may involve multi-ISP network，multiple alternative network routes  that are determined at runtime</p>
<p>-The basic mechanics of internetworking</p>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/6237ecb627f86abb2ae44aba.jpg">
</center>
<em>Figure  5.3  
Packets traveling 
through the Internet
are directed by a 
router that arranges 
them into a message 
</em>

<p>-ISPs implement the Internet’s <code>internetworking layer</code> and <code>interact with other network</code> technologies：   </p>
<blockquote>
<p>1、Physical Network  物理网络<br>2、Transport Layer Protocol  传输层协议<br>3、Application Layer Protocol  应用层协议   </p>
</blockquote>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/62383d7527f86abb2a5022fd.jpg">
</center>


        <h2 id="Data-Center-Technology-数据中心"   >
          <a href="#Data-Center-Technology-数据中心" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Data-Center-Technology-数据中心" class="headerlink" title="Data Center Technology   数据中心"></a>Data Center Technology   数据中心</h2>
      <ul>
<li><p>Data Center </p>
</li>
<li><p>Grouping IT resources in <code>close proximity （邻近）</code>  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Power <code>sharing</code>   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Higher efficiency in <code>shared IT resource usage </code>  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Improved accessibility for IT personnel   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Modern data centers </p>
</li>
<li><p>specialized IT infrastructure used to house centralized IT resources, such as <code>servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and software systems </code></p>
</li>
<li><p>Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components:   </p>
<blockquote>
<p>1.Virtualization虚拟化   </p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<p>2.Standardization and Modularity标准化和模块化<br>3.Automation 自动化<br>4.Remote Operation and Management远程操作和管理<br>5.High Availability高可用性<br>6.Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management<br>7.Facilities配套设施<br>8.Computing Hardware计算硬件<br>9.Storage Hardware存储硬件<br>10.Network Hardware网络硬件   </p>

        <h3 id="Virtualization虚拟化"   >
          <a href="#Virtualization虚拟化" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Virtualization虚拟化" class="headerlink" title="Virtualization虚拟化"></a>Virtualization虚拟化</h3>
      <ul>
<li><p>Data centers IT resources：physical and virtualized</p>
</li>
<li><p>Physical IT resource layer：</p>
</li>
<li><p>the facility infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their operating systems</p>
<ul>
<li>virtualization layer: </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>comprised of operational and management tools of <code>virtualization platforms</code></p>
</li>
<li><p><code>abstract</code> physical computing and networking IT resources as virtualized components</p>
<blockquote>
<p>easier to allocate, operate, release, monitor, and control </p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>hypervisor<br>虚拟机监视器</p>
</li>
<li><p>VIM<br>虚拟化基础设施管理 </p>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/623840fb27f86abb2a607da3.jpg">
</center>
<center><em>Figure 5.7</em></center>    
<center><em> The common components of a data center working together to provide virtualized IT resources supported by physical IT resources.</em></center></li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Standardization-and-Modularity标准化和模块化"   >
          <a href="#Standardization-and-Modularity标准化和模块化" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Standardization-and-Modularity标准化和模块化" class="headerlink" title="Standardization and Modularity标准化和模块化"></a>Standardization and Modularity标准化和模块化</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Data centers are built upon standardized commodity hardware and designed with modular architectures   </li>
<li>Aggregating multiple identical building blocks of facility infrastructure and equipment  </li>
<li>Support scalability, growth, hardware replacement     </li>
<li>Modularity and standardization reducing investment and operational costs      </li>
<li>Consolidated IT resources can serve different systems and be shared among different cloud consumers.  </li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Automation-自动化"   >
          <a href="#Automation-自动化" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Automation-自动化" class="headerlink" title="Automation 自动化"></a>Automation 自动化</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Data centers have specialized platforms     </li>
<li>Automate provisioning, configuration, patching（打补丁）, and monitoring without supervision（监管）   </li>
<li>Advances in data center management platforms and tools leverage（利用） autonomic computing technologies to enable self-configuration and self-recovery.   </li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Remote-Operation-and-Management远程操作和管理"   >
          <a href="#Remote-Operation-and-Management远程操作和管理" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Remote-Operation-and-Management远程操作和管理" class="headerlink" title="Remote Operation and Management远程操作和管理"></a>Remote Operation and Management远程操作和管理</h3>
      <ul>
<li><p>Most of the operational and administrative tasks of IT resources in data centers are commanded through the network’s remote consoles and management systems.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Technical personnel are not required to visit the dedicated rooms that house servers, except to perform highly specific tasks, such as equipment handling and cabling or hardware-level installation and maintenance.</p>
</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="High-Availability-高可用性"   >
          <a href="#High-Availability-高可用性" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#High-Availability-高可用性" class="headerlink" title="High Availability 高可用性"></a>High Availability 高可用性</h3>
      <ul>
<li><p>Since any form of data center outage significantly impacts business continuity for the organizations that use their services</p>
</li>
<li><p>data centers are designed to operate with increasingly higher levels of redundancy to sustain（维持） availability.   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Data centers usually have redundant, uninterruptable power supplies, cabling, and environmental control subsystems in anticipation of system failure, along with communication links and clustered hardware for load balancing.</p>
</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Security-Aware-Design-Operation-And-Management安全感知设计、操作和管理"   >
          <a href="#Security-Aware-Design-Operation-And-Management安全感知设计、操作和管理" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Security-Aware-Design-Operation-And-Management安全感知设计、操作和管理" class="headerlink" title="Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management安全感知设计、操作和管理"></a>Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management安全感知设计、操作和管理</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Since centralized structures that store and process business data   </li>
<li>Requirements for security （thorough &amp; comprehensive ） 彻底和全面  </li>
<li>physical and logical access controls<br>-data recovery strategies   </li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Facilities-配套设施"   >
          <a href="#Facilities-配套设施" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Facilities-配套设施" class="headerlink" title="Facilities  配套设施"></a>Facilities  配套设施</h3>
      <p>Data center facilities are custom-designed locations outfitted (配置)with specialized computing, storage, and network equipment<br>  <em>E.g.These facilities have several functional layout areas, as<br>     well as various power supplies, cabling, and environmental<br>     control stations that regulate heating, ventilation, air<br>     conditioning, fire protection, and other related subsystems.</em></p>

        <h3 id="Computing-Hardware-计算硬件"   >
          <a href="#Computing-Hardware-计算硬件" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Computing-Hardware-计算硬件" class="headerlink" title="Computing Hardware  计算硬件"></a>Computing Hardware  计算硬件</h3>
      <ul>
<li><p>Much of the heavy processing in data centers is often executed by standardized commodity servers that have substantial（强大的） computing power and storage capacity.</p>
</li>
<li><p>computing hardware technologies :  </p>
</li>
<li><p>standardized racks机架 with interconnects for power, network, and internal cooling   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Support for different hardware processing architectures   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Hundreds of a power-efficient multi-core CPU architecture in unit of standardized racks       </p>
</li>
<li><p>Redundant and hot-swappable components  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Computing architectures计算架构</p>
</li>
<li><p>blade server technologies刀片服务器技术</p>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/6238431427f86abb2a65cf03.jpg">
</center></li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Storage-Hardware-存储硬件"   >
          <a href="#Storage-Hardware-存储硬件" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Storage-Hardware-存储硬件" class="headerlink" title="Storage Hardware  存储硬件"></a>Storage Hardware  存储硬件</h3>
      <ul>
<li><p>Storage systems involve technologies:   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Hard Disk Arrays硬盘阵列  </p>
</li>
<li><p>I/O Caching高速缓存  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Hot-Swappable Hard Disks热插拔硬盘  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Storage Virtualization 存储虚拟化  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Fast Data Replication Mechanisms快速数据复制机制   </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Snapshotting快照<br>volume cloning卷克隆  </p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>Storage systems encompass tertiary redundancies  </p>
</li>
<li><p>direct-attached storage (DAS)直接附加存储<br>-Storage Area Network (SAN)存储区域 网络  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Network-Attached Storage (NAS)  网络附加存储  </p>
</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Network-Hardware-网络硬件"   >
          <a href="#Network-Hardware-网络硬件" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Network-Hardware-网络硬件" class="headerlink" title="Network Hardware  网络硬件"></a>Network Hardware  网络硬件</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Five network subsystems    </li>
<li>Carrier and External Networks Interconnection运营商和外网互联  </li>
<li>Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration  web层均衡负载和加速   </li>
<li>LAN Fabric LAN光网络   </li>
<li>SAN Fabric SAN光网络   </li>
<li>NAS Gateways NAS网关  </li>
</ul>

        <h2 id="Virtualization-Technology-虚拟化技术"   >
          <a href="#Virtualization-Technology-虚拟化技术" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Virtualization-Technology-虚拟化技术" class="headerlink" title="Virtualization Technology   虚拟化技术"></a>Virtualization Technology   虚拟化技术</h2>
      <ul>
<li><p>Virtualization is the process of converting a physical IT resource into a virtual IT resource  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Most types of IT resources can be virtualized  </p>
</li>
<li><p><em>Servers, Storage, Network, Power</em>   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Virtualization software create  new virtual server  </p>
</li>
<li><p>allocation of physical IT resources  </p>
</li>
<li><p>install operating system(guest operating systems)  </p>
<blockquote>
<p>Unaware of the virtualization process  </p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>Host or physical host 主机或物理主机  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Virtualization software runs on a physical server   </p>
</li>
<li><p>virtual machine management虚拟机管理器  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Virtualization software runs on a physical server called a host or physical host, whose underlying hardware is made accessible by the virtualization software.   </p>
</li>
<li><p>virtual machine manager or a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor 虚拟机监控器  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Hardware Independence 硬件无关性</p>
</li>
<li><p>Server Consolidation 服务器整合</p>
</li>
<li><p>Resource Replication 资源复制</p>
</li>
<li><p>Operating System-Based Virtualization基于操作系统虚拟化</p>
</li>
<li><p>Hardware-Based Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化</p>
</li>
<li><p>Virtualization Management 虚拟化管理</p>
</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Hardware-Independence-硬件无关性"   >
          <a href="#Hardware-Independence-硬件无关性" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Hardware-Independence-硬件无关性" class="headerlink" title="Hardware Independence 硬件无关性"></a>Hardware Independence 硬件无关性</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Software-hardware dependencies （原因）</li>
<li>In a non-virtualized environment, the operating system is configured for specific hardware models and requires reconfiguration if these IT resources need to be modified</li>
<li>Virtualization → hardware independence(结果)  </li>
<li>translates IT hardware into emulated and standardized software-based copies.     </li>
<li>virtual servers can easily be moved to another virtualization host, automatically resolving multiple hardware-software incompatibility issues.   </li>
<li>As a result, cloning and manipulating（控制） virtual IT resources is much easier than duplicating(复制) physical hardware.</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Server-Consolidation-服务器整合"   >
          <a href="#Server-Consolidation-服务器整合" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Server-Consolidation-服务器整合" class="headerlink" title="Server Consolidation 服务器整合"></a>Server Consolidation 服务器整合</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Coordination function of virtualization software   </li>
<li>multiple virtual servers to be simultaneously created in the same virtualization host   </li>
<li>server consolidation服务器整合  </li>
<li><em>Virtualization technology enables different virtual servers to share one physical server</em>   </li>
<li>increase hardware utilization, load balancing, and optimization of available IT resources    </li>
<li>This fundamental capability directly supports common cloud features, such as on-demand usage, resource pooling, elasticity, scalability, and resiliency    </li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Resource-Replication-资源复制"   >
          <a href="#Resource-Replication-资源复制" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Resource-Replication-资源复制" class="headerlink" title="Resource Replication  资源复制"></a>Resource Replication  资源复制</h3>
      <ul>
<li><p>Virtual servers are created as virtual disk images    </p>
</li>
<li><p>contain binary file copies of hard disk content   </p>
</li>
<li><p>These virtual disk images are accessible to the host’s operating system     </p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>Simple file operations, such as copy, move, paste, back up<br>   virtual server</em></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>This ease of manipulation and replication is one of the most salient（突出的）features of virtualization technology   </p>
</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Operating-System-Based-Virtualization-基于操作系统虚拟化"   >
          <a href="#Operating-System-Based-Virtualization-基于操作系统虚拟化" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Operating-System-Based-Virtualization-基于操作系统虚拟化" class="headerlink" title="Operating System-Based Virtualization           基于操作系统虚拟化"></a>Operating System-Based Virtualization           基于操作系统虚拟化</h3>
      <ul>
<li>host operating system宿主操作系统  </li>
<li>the installation of virtualization software in a pre-existing operating system   </li>
<li>Host OS can support hardware devices   </li>
<li>OS virtualization can rectify(解决) hardware compatibility issues   </li>
<li>Virtualization enabled Hardware independence  </li>
<li>Hardware IT resources to be more flexibly used    </li>
<li>Virtualization software translates hardware IT resources into virtualized IT resources compatible with operating systems   <center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/62387f0227f86abb2a998abc.jpg">
</center></li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Hardware-Based-Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化"   >
          <a href="#Hardware-Based-Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Hardware-Based-Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化" class="headerlink" title="Hardware-Based Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化"></a>Hardware-Based Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Hypervisor虚拟机管理程序   </li>
<li>Virtualization software directly install to physical host hardware bypass the host operating system   </li>
<li>A hypervisor has a simple user-interface, establish a virtualization management layer   </li>
<li>Hardware-based virtualization more efficient    <blockquote>
<ul>
<li>enables multiple virtual servers to interact with the same hardware platform   </li>
<li>Device drivers and system services are optimized for the provisioning of virtual servers   </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>hardware-based virtualization concerns compatibility with hardware devices   </li>
<li>meaning all of the associated device drivers and support software need to be compatible with the hypervisor</li>
</ul>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/62387fbd27f86abb2a9c27f7.jpg">
</center>


        <h3 id="Virtualization-Management虚拟化管理"   >
          <a href="#Virtualization-Management虚拟化管理" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Virtualization-Management虚拟化管理" class="headerlink" title="Virtualization Management虚拟化管理"></a>Virtualization Management虚拟化管理</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Virtualized IT resource management is often supported by virtualization infrastructure management (VIM) tools    </li>
<li>collectively manage virtual IT resources   </li>
<li>rely on a centralized management module  </li>
<li>runs on a dedicated computer   </li>
</ul>

        <h2 id="Web-Technology-Web技术"   >
          <a href="#Web-Technology-Web技术" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Web-Technology-Web技术" class="headerlink" title="Web Technology    Web技术"></a>Web Technology    Web技术</h2>
      <ul>
<li>Web technology is generally used as both the implementation medium and the management interface for cloud services. <blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Basic Web Technology  基本web技术</li>
<li>Web Applications  web应用</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Basic-Web-Technology"   >
          <a href="#Basic-Web-Technology" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Basic-Web-Technology" class="headerlink" title="Basic Web Technology"></a>Basic Web Technology</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Basic Web Technology</li>
<li>WWW is a system of interlinked IT resources that are accessed through the Internet.   </li>
<li>Web components</li>
<li>Web browser client and Web server  </li>
<li>3 fundamental elements of Web technology architecture :  </li>
<li>Uniform Resource Locator (URL)-logical network location<pre><code>统一资源定位符  
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-communications protocol<pre><code>超文本传输协议  
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Markup Languages (HTML, XML)-Markup languages<pre><code>标记语言  
</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Web resources are represented as hypermedia 超媒体</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Web-Applications"   >
          <a href="#Web-Applications" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Web-Applications" class="headerlink" title="Web Applications"></a>Web Applications</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Web application: A distributed application that uses Web-based technologies (and generally relies on Web browsers for the presentation of user-interfaces)  </li>
<li>A distributed application that uses Web-based technologies, be found in all kinds of cloud-based environments.    </li>
<li>Web applications basic three-tier model  <blockquote>
<ul>
<li>presentation layer–first tier, user-interface 表示层</li>
<li>application layer–middle tier, application logic 应用层</li>
<li>data layer–third tier, persistent data stores数据层 </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<p>PaaS environments enable cloud consumers to develop and deploy Web applications, typical PaaS offerings have separate instances of the Web server, application server, and data storage server environments</p>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/623880d027f86abb2aa26818.jpg">
</center>


        <h2 id="Multitenant-Technology-多租户技术"   >
          <a href="#Multitenant-Technology-多租户技术" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Multitenant-Technology-多租户技术" class="headerlink" title="Multitenant Technology   多租户技术"></a>Multitenant Technology   多租户技术</h2>
      <ul>
<li><p>Multitenant application: Multiple users (tenants) to access the same application logic simultaneously  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Each tenant has its own view of the application remaining unaware of other tenants that are using the same application  </p>
</li>
<li><p>Do not access to data and configuration information that is not their own   </p>
</li>
<li><p>Tenants individually customize application features:  </p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>User Interface用户界面</li>
<li>Business Process业务流程</li>
<li>Data Model 数据模型</li>
<li>Access Control访问控制</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p>Support share of various artifacts（构件） by multiple users and maintaining security levels that segregate（隔离） individual tenant operational environments.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Common characteristics of multitenant applications :</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Usage Isolation 使用隔离</li>
<li>Data Security 数据安全</li>
<li>Recovery 可恢复</li>
<li>Application Upgrades 应用升级</li>
<li>Scalability 可扩展性</li>
<li>Metered Usage 使用计量</li>
<li>Data Tier Isolation数据层隔离</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/6238815f27f86abb2aa53950.jpg">
</center>


        <h2 id="Service-Technology-服务技术"   >
          <a href="#Service-Technology-服务技术" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Service-Technology-服务技术" class="headerlink" title="Service Technology   服务技术"></a>Service Technology   服务技术</h2>
      <ul>
<li>Service technology is keystone foundation of cloud computing that formed the basis of the “as-a-service” cloud delivery models.</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Web Services  Web服务</li>
<li>REST Services   REST服务</li>
<li>Service Agents  服务代理</li>
<li>Service Middleware  服务中间件</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>

        <h3 id="Web-Services"   >
          <a href="#Web-Services" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Web-Services" class="headerlink" title="Web Services"></a>Web Services</h3>
      <ul>
<li>First generation Web service technologies  <blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Web Service Description Language (WSDL)<br> web 服务描述语言</li>
<li>XML Schema Definition Language (XML Schema)<br>XML模式描述语言</li>
<li>Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)<br>简单对象访问协议</li>
<li>Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)<br> 统一描述、发现和集成 </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Second-generation Web service technologies<br>commonly referred to as WS-*</li>
</ul>
<center>
<img src="https://pic.imgdb.cn/item/623881c727f86abb2aa75f64.jpg">
</center>
<center><em>Figure 5.12.</em></center>    
<center><em> An overview of how first-generation Web service technologies commonly relate to each other.
</em></center>


        <h3 id="REST-Services-REST-服务"   >
          <a href="#REST-Services-REST-服务" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#REST-Services-REST-服务" class="headerlink" title="REST Services   REST 服务"></a>REST Services   REST 服务</h3>
      <ul>
<li>REST services are designed according to a set of constraints that shape the service architecture to emulate the properties of the WWW, resulting in service implementations that rely on the use of core Web technologies</li>
<li>The six REST design constraints: <blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Client-Server 客户端-服务器</li>
<li>Stateless 无状态</li>
<li>Cache 缓存</li>
<li>Interface/Uniform Contract 接口/统一合约</li>
<li>Layered System 层次化系统</li>
<li>Code-On-Demand 按需编码</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Each design constraint is described in detail at <span class="exturl"><a class="exturl__link"   target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.whatisrest.com/" >www.whatisrest.com</a><span class="exturl__icon"><i class="fas fa-external-link-alt"></i></span></span>.</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Service-Agents-服务代理"   >
          <a href="#Service-Agents-服务代理" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Service-Agents-服务代理" class="headerlink" title="Service Agents  服务代理"></a>Service Agents  服务代理</h3>
      <ul>
<li>Service agents are event-driven programs designed to intercept（拦截） messages at runtime. </li>
<li>active service agent 主动服务代理<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Active service agents perform an action upon intercepting and reading the contents of a message. </li>
<li>making changes to the message contents (most commonly message header data and less commonly the body content) or changes to the message path itself.</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>passive service agent 被动服务代理<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>do not change message contents</li>
<li>they read the message and may then capture certain parts of its contents for monitoring, logging, or reporting purposes</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Cloud-based environments rely heavily on system-level and custom service agents to perform runtime monitoring and measuring</li>
</ul>

        <h3 id="Service-Middleware-服务中间件"   >
          <a href="#Service-Middleware-服务中间件" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#Service-Middleware-服务中间件" class="headerlink" title="Service Middleware 服务中间件"></a>Service Middleware 服务中间件</h3>
      <ul>
<li>middleware platforms is the large market under the umbrella of service technology </li>
<li>messaging-oriented middleware (MOM) platforms → sophisticated（复杂的） service middleware platforms </li>
<li>two types of middleware platforms <blockquote>
<ul>
<li>enterprise service bus (ESB) 企业服务总线</li>
<li>orchestration platform 业务流程平台</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>Both forms of service middleware can be deployed and operated within cloud-based environments</li>
</ul>

        <h2 id="summary"   >
          <a href="#summary" class="heading-link"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a><a href="#summary" class="headerlink" title="summary"></a>summary</h2>
      <p>↻ Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture宽带和Internet架构<br> ↻ Data Center Technology数据中心<br> ↻ Virtualization Technology虚拟化技术<br> ↻ Web Technology  Web 服务<br> ↻ Multitenant Technology多租户技术<br> ↻ Service Technology服务技术  </p>
<ul>
<li>Internet Service Providers (ISPs)</li>
<li>connectionless packet switching (datagram networks) 无连接分组交换</li>
<li>router-based interconnectivity基于路由器互联</li>
<li>Virtualization虚拟化</li>
<li>Standardization and Modularity标准化和模块化</li>
<li>Automation 自动化</li>
<li>Remote Operation and Management远程操作和管理</li>
<li>High Availability 高可用性</li>
<li>Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management<br>   安全感知的设计、操作和管理</li>
<li>Facilities配套设施</li>
<li>Computing Hardware计算硬件</li>
<li>Storage Hardware存储硬件</li>
<li>Network Hardware网络硬件</li>
<li>Hardware Independence 硬件无关性</li>
<li>Server Consolidation 服务器整合</li>
<li>Resource Replication 资源复制</li>
<li>Operating System-Based Virtualization 基于操作系统虚拟化</li>
<li>Hardware-Based Virtualization 基于硬件虚拟化</li>
<li>Virtualization Management 虚拟化管理</li>
<li>Basic Web Technology 基本的web技术</li>
<li>Web Applications web 应用</li>
<li>Web Services  Web服务</li>
<li>REST Services   REST服务</li>
<li>Service Agents  服务代理</li>
<li>Service Middleware  服务中间件</li>
</ul>
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</div><footer class="post-footer"><div class="post-ending ending"><div class="ending__text">------ 本文结束，感谢您的阅读 ------</div></div><div class="post-copyright copyright"><div class="copyright-author"><span class="copyright-author__name">本文作者: </span><span class="copyright-author__value"><a href="https://kohler19.gitee.io">李恺龙</a></span></div><div class="copyright-link"><span class="copyright-link__name">本文链接: </span><span class="copyright-link__value"><a href="https://kohler19.gitee.io/2022/03/21/cloud-computing3/">https://kohler19.gitee.io/2022/03/21/cloud-computing3/</a></span></div><div class="copyright-notice"><span class="copyright-notice__name">版权声明: </span><span class="copyright-notice__value">本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="external nofollow" target="_blank">BY-NC-SA</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！</span></div></div><div class="post-tags"><span class="post-tags-item"><span class="post-tags-item__icon"><i class="fas fa-tag"></i></span><a class="post-tags-item__link" href="https://kohler19.gitee.io/tags/%E4%BA%91%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97/">云计算</a></span><span class="post-tags-item"><span class="post-tags-item__icon"><i class="fas fa-tag"></i></span><a class="post-tags-item__link" href="https://kohler19.gitee.io/tags/cloud-computing/">cloud-computing</a></span></div><nav class="post-paginator paginator"><div class="paginator-prev"><a class="paginator-prev__link" href="/2022/03/25/cloud-computing4/"><span class="paginator-prev__icon"><i class="fas fa-angle-left"></i></span><span class="paginator-prev__text">云计算第六章</span></a></div><div class="paginator-next"><a class="paginator-next__link" href="/2022/03/19/Spring-Snow/"><span class="paginator-prev__text">Spring-Snow</span><span class="paginator-next__icon"><i class="fas fa-angle-right"></i></span></a></div></nav></footer></div></div><div class="comments" id="comments"><div id="valine-container"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-wrap" id="sidebar-wrap"><aside class="sidebar" id="sidebar"><div class="sidebar-nav"><span class="sidebar-nav-toc current">文章目录</span><span class="sidebar-nav-ov">站点概览</span></div><section class="sidebar-toc"><ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-1"><a class="toc-link" href="#Cloud-Enabling-Technology%E4%BA%91%E4%BD%BF%E8%83%BD%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Cloud-Enabling Technology云使能技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Broadband-Networks-and-Internet-Architecture-%E5%AE%BD%E5%B8%A6%E5%92%8CInternet%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84"><span class="toc-number">1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture 宽带和Internet架构</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Internet-Service-Providers-ISPs-Internet%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E8%80%85"><span class="toc-number">1.1.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Internet Service Providers (ISPs)         Internet服务提供者</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Connectionless-Packet-Switching-Datagram-Networks"><span class="toc-number">1.1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Router-Based-Interconnectivity"><span class="toc-number">1.1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Router-Based Interconnectivity</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Data-Center-Technology-%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83"><span class="toc-number">1.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Data Center Technology   数据中心</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Virtualization%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%8C%96"><span class="toc-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Virtualization虚拟化</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Standardization-and-Modularity%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E6%A8%A1%E5%9D%97%E5%8C%96"><span class="toc-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Standardization and Modularity标准化和模块化</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Automation-%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96"><span class="toc-number">1.2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Automation 自动化</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Remote-Operation-and-Management%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">1.2.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Remote Operation and Management远程操作和管理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#High-Availability-%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">1.2.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          High Availability 高可用性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Security-Aware-Design-Operation-And-Management%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E3%80%81%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">1.2.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management安全感知设计、操作和管理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Facilities-%E9%85%8D%E5%A5%97%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD"><span class="toc-number">1.2.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Facilities  配套设施</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Computing-Hardware-%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">1.2.8.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Computing Hardware  计算硬件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Storage-Hardware-%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">1.2.9.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Storage Hardware  存储硬件</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Network-Hardware-%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">1.2.10.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Network Hardware  网络硬件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Virtualization-Technology-%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Virtualization Technology   虚拟化技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Hardware-Independence-%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6%E6%97%A0%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7"><span class="toc-number">1.3.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Hardware Independence 硬件无关性</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Server-Consolidation-%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88"><span class="toc-number">1.3.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Server Consolidation 服务器整合</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Resource-Replication-%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6"><span class="toc-number">1.3.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Resource Replication  资源复制</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Operating-System-Based-Virtualization-%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%8C%96"><span class="toc-number">1.3.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Operating System-Based Virtualization           基于操作系统虚拟化</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Hardware-Based-Virtualization%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%8C%96"><span class="toc-number">1.3.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Hardware-Based Virtualization基于硬件虚拟化</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Virtualization-Management%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">1.3.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Virtualization Management虚拟化管理</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Web-Technology-Web%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Web Technology    Web技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Basic-Web-Technology"><span class="toc-number">1.4.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Basic Web Technology</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Web-Applications"><span class="toc-number">1.4.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Web Applications</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Multitenant-Technology-%E5%A4%9A%E7%A7%9F%E6%88%B7%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.5.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Multitenant Technology   多租户技术</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#Service-Technology-%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF"><span class="toc-number">1.6.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Service Technology   服务技术</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Web-Services"><span class="toc-number">1.6.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Web Services</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#REST-Services-REST-%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1"><span class="toc-number">1.6.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          REST Services   REST 服务</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Service-Agents-%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86"><span class="toc-number">1.6.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Service Agents  服务代理</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#Service-Middleware-%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BB%B6"><span class="toc-number">1.6.4.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          Service Middleware 服务中间件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#summary"><span class="toc-number">1.7.</span> <span class="toc-text">
          summary</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></section><!-- ov = overview--><section class="sidebar-ov hide"><div class="sidebar-ov-author"><div class="sidebar-ov-author__avatar"><img class="sidebar-ov-author__avatar_img" src="https://s4.ax1x.com/2022/01/03/Tb2VW6.png" alt="avatar"></div><p class="sidebar-ov-author__text">格物致知，知行合一</p></div><div class="sidebar-ov-social"><a class="sidebar-ov-social-item" href="https://s4.ax1x.com/2022/01/03/Tb8ZB4.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-popover="微信" data-popover-pos="up"><span class="sidebar-ov-social-item__icon"><i class="fab fa-weixin"></i></span></a><a class="sidebar-ov-social-item" href="mailto:lklong@88.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-popover="social.Email" data-popover-pos="up"><span class="sidebar-ov-social-item__icon">lklong@88.com</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-ov-cc"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-popover="知识共享许可协议" data-popover-pos="up"><img src="/images/cc-by-nc-sa.svg"></a></div></section><div class="sidebar-reading"><div class="sidebar-reading-info"><span class="sidebar-reading-info__text">你已阅读了 </span><span class="sidebar-reading-info__num">0</span><span class="sidebar-reading-info__perc">%</span></div><div class="sidebar-reading-line"></div></div></aside></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></main><footer class="footer" id="footer"><div class="footer-inner"><div><span>Copyright © 2023</span><span class="footer__icon"><i class="fas fa-heart"></i></span><span>愷龍 All Rights Reserved</span></div><div><span>由 <a href="http://hexo.io/" title="Hexo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hexo</a> 强力驱动</span><span> v5.4.0</span><span class="footer__devider">|</span><span>主题 - <a href="https://github.com/liuyib/hexo-theme-stun/" title="Stun" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Stun</a></span><span> v2.6.2</span></div></div></footer><div class="loading-bar" id="loading-bar"><div class="loading-bar__progress"></div></div><div class="back2top" id="back2top"><span class="back2top__icon"><i class="fas fa-rocket"></i></span></div></div><div class="search-mask"></div><div class="search-popup"><span class="search-close"></span><div class="search-input"><input placeholder="搜索文章（支持多关键词，请用空格分隔）"></div><div class="search-results"></div></div><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/jquery@v3.4.1/dist/jquery.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/velocity-animate@1.5.2/velocity.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/velocity-animate@1.5.2/velocity.ui.min.js"></script><script>function initSearch() {
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